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Armchair speculation about expectations, rational or other, is not a satisfactory substitute for factual knowledge as to how human beings go about anticipating the future, what factors they take into account, and how these factors, rather than others, come within the range of their attention. - H. A. Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (1982)
But even as the influence of decentralized ideas grows, there is a deep-seated resistance to such ideas. At some deep level, people seem to have strong attachments to centralized ways of thinking. When people see patterns in the world (like a flock of birds), they often assume that there is some type of centralized control (a leader of the flock). According to this way of thinking, a pattern can exist only if someone (or something) creates and orchestrates the pattern. Everything must have a single cause, and ultimate controlling factor. The continuing resistance to evolutionary theories is an example: many people still insist that someone or something must have explicitly designed the complex, orderly structures that we call Life. - Resnick, Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds. (1994)
