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--- pessoais:pedro:doutorado:livros [2007/06/28 11:45] – pedro
+++ pessoais:pedro:doutorado:livros [2008/01/11 10:06] (atual) – pedro
@@ Linha 9: / Linha 9: @@
 Turtles: [[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/turtles1.jpg|males]] and [[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/turtles2.jpg|females]]
-=====The Complexity of Cooperation=====
-====Evolving New Strategies====
-Axelrod tournament.
-Genetic algorithm (Holland 92). Gens implementing a "decision tree" that indicates the
-strategy given the last three payoffs. The strategies always evolve to something near
-TFT. Sexual reproduction helps the search process.
-====Coping with Noise====
-Axelrod tournament with 1% of noise (invert one's action).
-//Ecological simulation//: the fraction in the
-next generation will be proportional to that's rule score in the previous
-generation.
-//Generosity//: there is a chance of not escalating if the opponent escalates in the
-previous round.
-//Contriction//: cooperate after the others defects in response to one's
-defection (that can arise because of the noise), contrite.
- CTFT is better than GTFT is better than GPavlov is better than Pavlov.
-====An Evolutionary Approach to Norms====
-n-player game. //A norm exists in a given social setting to the extent that individuals
-usually act in a certain way and are often punished when seen not to be acting in this way.//
-When somebody escalates, the other players may perceive and then punish. It leads to
-cooperation some times, but not always. But, if the observer that does not punish
-can be punished by another player (a //metanorm//), the model always converge to a coperative
-and almost always punishing behaviour. He also studies norms between different groups
-(white and black, for instance).
-====Choosing sides (and) Setting Standards====
-Theory of landscapes. Two groups where each agent belongs to one of them. Each turn, one
-agent may exchange its group in order to enhance its satisfability. Each pair of agents has
-a symmetric satisfability value.
-The main purpose of ABM is not prediction but a deeper understanding of how fundamental
-social process operate.
-There is a Nash Equilibrium because if someone individually exchange its location,
-it will be worse to him.
-====Building new Political Actors====
-//It takes as given the existence of lower-level actors, and generates higher-level
-actors from the interactions among them. [...] The heart of the model is a tribute
-system in which an actor can extract resources to extract still more resources.//
-One agent may ask another for demand or fight. If it would cost less than paying
-then fight is the best option.
-A combat between two nations implies in each one loosing 25% of the other's wealth.
-Agents can join or leave groups according to their decisions (subservience, protection,
-friendship, hostility).
-agents in a one-dimensional circular grid, each on having two neighbours.
-The model has different results in each run, and the author analyses 3 of them.
-====Disseminating Culture====
-====Replication of ABM====
-====Resources for ABM====
 =====The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity=====
@@ Linha 103: / Linha 45: @@
 Among the relevant cultural beliefs that habitually and, perhaps wrongly, are taken for granted
 are [...] that rationality is the ideal and the norm.
-=====Meeting the Challenge of Complexity=====
-[[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/papers/LUCCworkshop2001.pdf|Proceedings of a Special Workshop on Land-Use/Land-Cover Change, 2001]]
-Eds. D. C. Parker and T. Berger and S. M. Manson
-====Why I no longer work with agents: a challenge for abms of human-environment interactions====
-//H. Couclelis//

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