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-=====The Complexity of Cooperation=====+=====Ecologia===== 
 +Odum
  
-====Evolving New Strategies==== +====Population Dynamics====
-Axelrod tournament.  +
-Genetic algorithm (Holland 92). Gens implementing a "decision tree" that indicates the  +
-strategy given the last three payoffs. The strategies always evolve to something near +
-TFT. Sexual reproduction helps the search process.+
  
-====Coping with Noise==== +[[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/spiders.jpg|Spiders]]
-Axelrod tournament with 1% of noise (invert one's action). +
-//Ecological simulation//: the fraction in the +
-next generation will be proportional to that's rule score in the previous +
-generation. +
-//Generosity//: there is a chance of not escalating if the opponent escalates in the +
-previous round. +
-//Contriction//: cooperate after the others defects in response to one's  +
-defection (that can arise because of the noise), contrite. +
- CTFT is better than GTFT is better than GPavlov is better than Pavlov.+
  
-====An Evolutionary Approach to Norms==== +Tordos in [[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/tordos-1955.jpg|1955]] and in [[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/tordos-1956.jpg|1956]]
-n-player game. //A norm exists in a given social setting to the extent that individuals  +
-usually act in a certain way and are often punished when seen not to be acting in this way.// +
-When somebody escalates, the other players may perceive and then punish. It leads to +
-cooperation some times, but not always. But, if the observer that does not punish +
-can be punished by another player (a //metanorm//), the model always converge to a coperative +
-and almost always punishing behaviour. He also studies norms between different groups +
-(white and black, for instance). +
- +
- +
-====Choosing sides (and) Setting Standards==== +
-Theory of landscapes. Two groups where each agent belongs to one of them. Each turn, one +
-agent may exchange its group in order to enhance its satisfability. Each pair of agents has +
-a symmetric satisfability value. +
-The main purpose of ABM is not prediction but a deeper understanding of how fundamental +
-social process operate. +
-There is a Nash Equilibrium because if someone individually exchange its location, +
-it will be worse to him. +
- +
-====Building new Political Actors==== +
-//It takes as given the existence of lower-level actors, and generates higher-level +
-actors from the interactions among them. [...] The heart of the model is a tribute  +
-system in which an actor can extract resources to extract still more resources.// +
- +
-One agent may ask another for demand or fight. If it would cost less than paying  +
-then fight is the best option. +
-A combat between two nations implies in each one loosing 25% of the other's wealth. +
-Agents can join or leave groups according to their decisions (subservience, protection, +
-friendship, hostility).  +
-8 agents in a one-dimensional circular grid, each on having two neighbours. +
-The model has different results in each run, and the author analyses 3 of them. +
- +
-====Disseminating Culture==== +
- +
-====Replication of ABM==== +
- +
-====Resources for ABM====+
  
 +Turtles: [[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/turtles1.jpg|males]] and [[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/figures/turtles2.jpg|females]]
  
 =====The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity===== =====The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity=====
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 Among the relevant cultural beliefs that habitually and, perhaps wrongly, are taken for granted Among the relevant cultural beliefs that habitually and, perhaps wrongly, are taken for granted
 are [...] that rationality is the ideal and the norm. are [...] that rationality is the ideal and the norm.
- 
- 
- 
-=====Meeting the Challenge of Complexity===== 
-[[http://leg.ufpr.br/~pedro/papers/LUCCworkshop2001.pdf|Proceedings of a Special Workshop on Land-Use/Land-Cover Change, 2001]] 
-Eds. D. C. Parker and T. Berger and S. M. Manson 
- 
-====Why I no longer work with agents: a challenge for abms of human-environment interactions==== 
-//H. Couclelis// 
  
  

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